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Kamis, 10 November 2011

jenis jenis koperasi

Macam-macam Koperasi

Ada bermacam-macam bentuk koperasi. Pengelompokan jenis koperasi bisa diketahui berdasarkan jenis usaha dan keanggotaan koperasi.


1. Macam-macam koperasi berdasarkan jenis usaha.
Dilihat dari jenis usahanya, koperasi dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu :
a. Koperasi Konsumsi.
Koperasi konsumsi adalah koperasi yang menyediakan kebutuhan pokok para anggota. Contoh : beras, gula, kopi, tepung, dll. Barang-barang yang disediakan harganya lebih murah dibandingkan dengan toko-toko lainnya.
b. Koperasi Kredit.
Koperasi kredit disebut juga koperasi simpan pinjam. Anggota koperasi mengumpulkan modal bersama. Lalu modal yang telah terkumpul dipinjamkan kepada anggota yang membutuhkan. Koperasi simpan pinjam membantu para anggota untuk memperoleh kredit atau pinjaman uang. Caranya dengan anggota mengajukan permohonan pinjaman ke koperasi. Keuntungan meminjam modal ke koperasi adalah bunga uang pinjaman sangatlah ringan, pengembalian pinjaman dilakukan dengan mengangsur, dan bunga pinjaman akan dinikmati bersama dalam bentuk pembagian hasil usaha.
c. Koperasi Produksi.
Koperasi produksi membantu usaha anggota koperasi. Bisa juga koperasilah yang melakukan suatu jenis usaha bersama-sama. Ada bermacam-macam koperasi produksi. Misalnya koperasi produksi para petani, koperasi produksi peternak sapi, koperasi produksi pengrajin, dll. Koperasi produksi juga menampung hasil usaha para anggotanya. Dengan demikian, anggota tidak mengalami kesulitan menjual hasil usahanya.
2. Macam-macam koperasi berdasarkan keanggotaan.

Dilihat dari keanggotannya dikenal beberapa bentuk koperasi, yaitu :
a. Koperasi Pertanian.
Koperasi ini beranggotakan para petani, buruh tani, dan orang orang yang terlibat dalam usaha pertanian. Koperasi pertanian melakukan kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan pertanian, misalnya penyuluhan pertanian, pengadaan bibit unggul, penyediaan pupuk, obat-obatan dll.
b. Koperasi Pensiunan.
Berbeda dengan Koperasi pertanian yang beranggotakan para petani, anggota Koperasi pensiunan berisikan para pensiunan pegawai negeri. Tujuan dari koperasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan para pensiunan dan menyediakan kebutuhan para pensiunan.
c. Koperasi Pegawai Negeri.
Berbeda dengan sebelum-sebelumnya. Koperasi ini beranggotakan para pegawai negeri. Koperasi ini didirikan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan para pegawai negeri.
d. Koperasi Sekolah.
Koperasi ini beranggotakan para warga satu sekolah. Koperasi sekolah menyediakan kebutuhan warga sekolah, misalnya buku tulis, pena, penggaris, pensil, dan masih banyak yang lainnya. Koperasi sekolah diusahakan dan diurus oleh siswa. Di samping menyediakan kebutuhan sekolah, koperasi sekolah juga merupakan tempat untuk latihan berorganisasi, latihan bekerja sama, latihan bertanggung jawab, dan latihan mengenal lingkungan.
e. Koperasi Unit Desa.
Koperasi Unit Desa beranggotakan masyarakat pedesaaan. KUD melakukan kegiatan usaha di dalam bidang ekonomi. Beberapa usaha KUD, misalnya :
  • Menyalurkan sarana produksi pertanian seperti pupuk, obat-obatan, alat-alat pertanian, dan lain-lain.
  • Memberikan penyuluhan teknis bersama dengan petuga penyuluh lapangan kepada para petani.
Di tingkat kabupaten dan provinsi terdapat Pusat Koperasi Unit Desa (PUSKUD) yang bertugas memberikan bimbingan kepada KUD-KUD. Di tingkat pusat terdapat Induk Koperasi Unit Desa (INKUD) yang bertugas memberikan bimbingan kepada PUSKUD di seluruh Indonesia.

 Sumber :

http://organisasi.org/arti_pengertian_definisi_fungsi_dan_peranan_koperasi_koprasi_indonesia_dan_dunia_ilmu_ekonomi_koperasi_ekop

Senin, 07 November 2011

jenis jenis koperasi

Koperasi - Topik pembahasan kita kali ini ialah seputar pengertian koperasi, sejarahnya, prinsip, dan tujuannya. Silakan lanjut terus membaca tulisan dibawah
ini untuk konten lebih lengkap. Semoga bermafaat.

Pengertian Koperasi
sesuai dengan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian Indonesia, pengertian dari koperasi adalah Badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum. Koperasi bergerak berlandaskan prinsip koperasi, sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan .

Sejarah singkat Koperasi Indonesia dan Dunia
Gerakan koperasi dimulai sekitar abad ke-20 yang pada mulanya bertumbuh dari kalangan rakyat, karena pada waktu itu penderitaan dalam lapangan ekonomi dan sosial yang di timbulkan oleh sistem kapitalisme yang begitu memuncaknya.Beberapa orang yang penghidupannya sederhana dengan kemampuan ekonomi terbatas, terdorong oleh penderitaan dan beban ekonomi yang sama, secara sepontan mempersatukan diri untuk menolong dirinya sendiri dan manusia sesamanya.
Di Indonesia sendiri koperasi pertama kali dicetuskan oleh R.Aria Wiria Atmaja di Purwokerto. Pada saat itu, Ia mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para pegawai negri (priyayi).
lambang koperasi
Prinsip-prinsip koperasi
  1. Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil dan sebanding berdasar jasa usaha masing-masing anggota.
  2. Kemandirian
  3. Pembagian balas jasa yang terbatas pada modal
  4. Keanggotan bersifat terbuka dan sukarela
  5. Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis
Struktur Organisasi koperasi
  1. Rapat Anggota
  2. Pengurus Pengawas
Sumber permodalan koperasi:
  1. MODAL SENDIRI
    • Simpanan Pokok
    • * Simpanan yang dibayarkan oleh anggota ketika pertama kali masuk menjadi anggota koperasi * Simpanan ini dibayar hanya sekali dan bisa diambil bila keluar dari keanggotaan koperasi
    • Simpanan wajib
    • Simpanan yang dibayarkan oleh anggota secara berkala selama menjadi anggota koperasi Simpanan ini dibayar terus-menerus dan bisa diambil bila keluar dari keanggotaan koperasi MODAL SENDIRI
    • Dana cadangan
    • * Bagian dari SHU koperasi yang tidak dibagikan kepada anggota * Dana cadangan digunakan untuk memupuk modal sendiri dan untuk menutup kerugian koperasi.
    • Hibah
    • Bantuan dari berbagai pihak yang tidak harus dikembalikan Hibah merupakan pemberian Cuma-Cuma untuk membantu koperasi MODAL SENDIRI.
  2. MODAL PINJAMAN
    • Sumber dari Koperasi lain
    • Bank
    • Lembaga keuangan lain
Peran dan Fungsi koperasi
  1. Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai sokogurunya.
  2. Berusaha mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.
  3. Mengembangkan dan membangun potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya.
  4. Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
Landasan Koperasi
  • Landasan idiil : Pancasila.
  • Landasan struktural : UUD 1945.
  • Landasan operasional:
  • - UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 - Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga (AD/ART).
  • Landasan mental : kesadaran pribadi dan kesetiakawanan
Jenis koperasi jika dilihat dari lapangan usahanya
  • Koperasi simpan-pinjam ( kredit )
  • Koperasi ini menerima tabungan dari anggota dan memberi pinjaman pada masyarakat dengan syarat mudah dan ringan.
  • Koperasi Konsumsi
  • Koperasi ini menjual barang-barang keutuhan sehari-hari kepada masyarakat, atau koperasi yang mengelola unit usaha pertokoan.
  • Koperasi Produksi
  • Operasi Jasa
  • koperasi yang mengelola unit usaha pelayanan jasa.
  • Koperasi Serba usaha
  • Koperasi yang usahanya lebih dari satu seperti meliputi usaha kredit,konsumsi, produksi, dan jasa.
    http//univ pajajaran bandung.com

Rabu, 28 September 2011

ekonomi


Ekonomi
1.     Definisi Ekonomi
Ekonomi merupakan salah satu ilmu sosial yang mempelajari aktivitas manusia yang berhubungan dengan produksi, distribusi, pertukaran, dan konsumsi barang dan jasa. Istilah "ekonomi" sendiri berasal dari kata Yunani οκος (oikos) yang berarti "keluarga, rumah tangga" dan νόμος (nomos), atau "peraturan, aturan, hukum," dan secara garis besar diartikan sebagai "aturan rumah tangga" atau "manajemen rumah tangga." Sementara yang dimaksud dengan ahli ekonomi atau ekonom adalah orang menggunakan konsep ekonomi dan data dalam bekerja.
A. Produksi
Produksi adalah suatu kegiatan yang menghasilkan output dalam bentuk barang maupun jasa. Contoh : pabrik batre yang memproduksi batu baterai, tukang mie ayam yang membuat mie yamin, tukang pijet yang memberikan pelayanan jasa pijat dan urut kepada para pelanggannya, dan lain sebagainya.
B. Distribusi
Distribusi adalah kegiatan menyalurkan atau menyebarkan produk barang atau jasa dari produsen kepada konsumen pemakai. Perusahaan atau perseorangan yang menyalurkan barang disebut distributor. Contoh distribusi seperti penyalur sembako, penyalur barang elektronik, penyalur pembantu, biro iklan, dan lain-lain.
C. Konsumsi
Konsumsi adalah suatu aktifitas memakai atau menggunakan suatu prosuk barang atau jasa yang dihasilkan oleh para produsen. Perusahaan atau perseorangan yang melakukan kegiatan konsumsi disebut konsumen. Contoh konsumsi dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari seperti membeli jamu tolak angin di toko jamu, pergi ke dokter hewan ketika iguana kita sakit keras, makan di mc d, main dingdong, dan sebagainya.

2.      Arti Definisi/Pengertian Produksi & Nilai Guna Barang Dan Jasa - Ekonomi Produksi
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, apabila kita mendengar kata produksi, maka yang terbayang di pikiran kita adalah suatu kegiatan besar yang memerlukan peralatan yang serba canggih, serta menggunakan ribuan tenaga kerja untuk mengerjakannya. Sebenarnya dugaan tersebut tidak benar.
Produksi artinya, kegiatan menambah nilai guna suatu barang atau jasa untuk keperluan orang banyak. Dari pengertian diatas dapat ditarik suatu kesimpulan bahwa, tidak semua kegiatan yang menambah nilai guna suatu barang dapat dikatakan proses produksi.
Contohnya, seorang ibu yang membuat kue untuk keluarganya dirumah, maka kegiatan tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan proses produksi karena, tujuannya bukan untuk masyarakat banyak.
Salah satu yang dilakukan dalam proses produksi ialah menambah nilai guna suatu barang atau jasa. Dalam kegiatan menambah nilai guna barang atau jasa ini, dikenal lima jenis kegunaan, yaitu :
1. Guna bentuk
Yang dimaksud dengan guna bentuk yaitu, didalam melakukan proses produksi, kegiatannya ialah merubah bentuk suatu barang sehingga barang tersebut mempunyai nilai ekonomis. Contohnya: keramik.
2. Guna jasa
Guna jasa ialah kegiatan produksi yang memberikan pelayanan jasa. Contohnya: tukang becak, buruh, dll.
Sumber : http://organisasi.org/arti-definisi-pengertian-produksi-nilai-guna-barang-dan-jasa-ekonomi-produksi

Selasa, 27 September 2011

koperasi

KOPERASI
1.     Pengertian Koperasi
Koperasi adalah organisasi bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-seorang demi kepentingan bersama.Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.
Pengertian pengertian pokok tentang Koperasi :
  1. Merupakan perkumpulan orang orang termasuk badan hukum yang mempunyai kepentingan dan tujuan yang sama.
  2. Menggabungkan diri secara sukarela menjadi anggota dan mempunyai hak dan kewajiban yang sama sebagai pencerminan demokrasi dalam ekonomi.
  3. Kerugian dan keuntungan ditanggung dan dinikmati bersama secara adil.
  4. Pengawasan dilakukan oleh anggota.
  5. Mempunyai sifat saling tolong menolong.
  6. Membayar sejumlah uang sebagai simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib sebagai syarat menjadi anggota.
2.     Prinsip Dasar Koperasi
Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama.Prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela, pengelolaan yang demokratis, partisipasi anggota dalam ekonomi, kebebasan dan otonomi, serta pengembangan pendidikan, pelatihan, dan informasi.
Kemungkinan koperasi untuk memperoleh keunggulan komparatif dari perusahaan lain cukup besar mengingat koperasi mempunyai potensi kelebihan antara lain pada skala ekonomi, aktivitas yang nyata, faktor-faktor precuniary, dan lain-lain.


3.     Hak dan Kewajiban anggota koperasi
Anggota koperasi memiliki peran ganda, sebagai pemilik sekaligus pengguna pelayanan koperasi. Sebagai pemilik, anggota berpartisipasi dalam memodali, mengambil keputusan, mengawasi, dan menanggung resiko. Sebagai pengguna, anggota berpartisipasi dalam memanfaatkan pelayanan koperasi. Kewajiban adalah sesuatu yang harus dilaksanakan dan bila dilanggar, maka akan dikenakan sanksi. Sedangkan hak adalah sesuatu yang seharusnya diperoleh. Bila hak ini tidak terpenuhi, maka yang bersangkutan dapat menuntut. Tetapi bila hak tersebut tidak digunakan, maka tidak ada sanksi untuk itu.
Anggota koperasi berkewajiban :
  1. mematuhi AD dan ART serta keputusan yang telah ditetapkan dalam Rapat Anggota.
  2. menanda tangani perjanjian kontrak kebutuhan. Sehingga, anggota bemar benar sebagi pasar tetap dan potensial bagi koperasi.
  3. menjadi pelangan tetap
  4. memodali koperasi
  5. mengembangkan dan memelihara kebersamaan atas dasar kekeluargaan
  6. menjaga rahasia perusahaan dan organisasi koperasi kepada pihak luar
  7. menanggung kerugian yang diderita koperasi, proporsional dengan modal yang disetor.
Anggota koperasi berhak :
  1. menghadiri, menyatakan pendapat dan memberikan suara dalam rapat anggota.
  2. memilih pengurus dan pengawas
  3. dipilih sebagai pengurus atau pengawas
  4. meminta diadakan rapat anggota
  5. mengemukakan pendapat kepada pengurus di luar rapat anggota, baik diminta atau tidak
  6. memnfaatka pelayanan koerasi dan mendapat pelayanan yang samadengan anggota lain,
  7. mendapat keterangan mengenai perkembangan koperasi

Arti Lambang Koperasi

Arti dari Lambang :
No Lambang Arti
1 Perisai Upaya keras yang ditempuh secara terus menerus. Hanya orang yang pekerja keras yang bisa menjadi calon Anggota dengan memenuhi beberapa persyaratannya.
2 Rantai (di sebelah kiri) Ikatan kekeluargaan, persatuan dan persahabatan yang kokoh. Bahwa anggota sebuah Koperasi adalah Pemilik Koperasi tersebut, maka semua Anggota menjadi bersahabat, bersatu dalam kekeluargaan, dan yang mengikat sesama anggota adalah hukum yang dirancang sebagai Anggaran Dasar (AD) / Anggaran Rumah Tangga (ART) Koperasi. Dengan bersama-sama bersepakat mentaati AD/ART, maka Padi dan Kapas akan mudah diperoleh.
3 Kapas dan Padi (di sebelah kanan) Kemakmuran anggota koperasi secara khusus dan rakyat secara umum yang diusahakan oleh koperasi. Kapas sebagai bahan dasar sandang (pakaian), dan Padi sebagai bahan dasar pangan (makanan). Mayoritas sudah disebut makmur-sejahtera jika cukup sandang dan pangan.
4 Timbangan Keadilan sosial sebagai salah satu dasar koperasi. Biasanya menjadi simbol hukum. Semua Anggota koperasi harus adil dan seimbang antara "Rantai" dan "Padi-Kapas", antara "Kewajiban" dan "Hak". Dan yang menyeimbangkan itu adalah Bintang dalam Perisai.
5 Bintang Dalam perisai yang dimaksud adalah Pancasila, merupakan landasan ideal koperasi. Bahwa Anggota Koperasi yang baik adalah yang mengindahkan nilai-nilai keyakinan dan kepercayaan, yang mendengarkan suara hatinya. Perisai bisa berarti "tubuh", dan Bintang bisa diartikan "Hati".
6 Pohon Beringin Simbol kehidupan, sebagaimana pohon dalam Gunungan wayang yang dirancang oleh Sunan Kalijaga. Dahan pohon disebut kayu (dari bahasa Arab "Hayyu"/kehidupan). Timbangan dan Bintang dalam Perisai menjadi nilai hidup yang harus dijunjung tinggi.
7 Koperasi Indonesia Koperasi yang dimaksud adalah koperasi rakyat Indonesia, bukan Koperasi negara lain. Tata-kelola dan tata-kuasa perkoperasian di luar negeri juga baik, namun sebagai Bangsa Indonesia harus punya tata-nilai sendiri.
8 Warna Merah Putih Warna merah dan putih yang menjadi background logo menggambarkan sifat nasional Indonesia.



Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi

Minggu, 15 Mei 2011

ARTIKEL PRESENT PERFECT


Articel Present Perfect
ONCE there was a gentleman who married, for his second wife, the proudest and most haughty woman that was ever seen. She had, by a former husband, two daughters of her own humor, who were, indeed, exactly like her in all things. He had likewise, by another wife, a young daughter, but of unparalleled goodness and sweetness of temper, which she took from her mother, who was the best creature in the world.
No sooner were the ceremonies of the wedding over but the mother-in-law began to show herself in her true colors. She could not bear the good qualities of this pretty girl, and the less because they made her own daughters appear the more odious. She employed her in the meanest work of the house: she scoured the dishes, tables, etc., and scrubbed madam’s chamber, and those of misses, her daughters; she lay up in a sorry garret, upon a wretched straw bed, while her sisters lay in fine rooms, with floors all inlaid, upon beds of the very newest fashion, and where they had looking-glasses so large that they might see themselves at their full length from head to foot.
The poor girl bore all patiently, and dared not tell her father, who would have rattled her off; for his wife governed him entirely. When she had done her work, she used to go into the chimney-corner, and sit down among cinders and ashes, which made her commonly be called Cinderwench; but the youngest, who was not so rude and uncivil as the eldest, called her Cinderella. However, Cinderella, notwithstanding her mean apparel, was a hundred times handsomer than her sisters, though they were always dressed very richly.
It happened that the King’s son gave a ball, and invited all persons of fashion to it. Our young misses were also invited, for they cut a very grand figure among the quality. They were mightily delighted at this invitation, and wonderfully busy in choosing out such gowns, petticoats, and head-clothes as might become them. This was a new trouble to Cinderella; for it was she who ironed her sisters’ linen, and plaited their ruffles; they talked all day long of nothing but how they should be dressed.
“For my part,” said the eldest, “I will wear my red velvet suit with French trimming.”
“And I,” said the youngest, “shall have my usual petticoat; but then, to make amends for that, I will put on my gold-flowered manteau, and my diamond stomacher, which is far from being the most ordinary one in the world.”
They sent for the best tire-woman they could get to make up their head-dresses and adjust their double pinners, and they had their red brushes and patches from Mademoiselle de la Poche.
Cinderella was likewise called up to them to be consulted in all these matters, for she had excellent notions, and advised them always for the best, nay, and offered her services to dress their heads, which they were very willing she should do. As she was doing this, they said to her:
“Cinderella, would you not be glad to go to the ball?”
“Alas!” said she, “you only jeer me; it is not for such as I am to go thither.”
“Thou art in the right of it,” replied they; “it would make the people laugh to see a Cinderwench at a ball.”
Anyone but Cinderella would have dressed their heads awry, but she was very good, and dressed them perfectly well They were almost two days without eating, so much were they transported with joy. They broke above a dozen laces in trying to be laced up close, that they might have a fine slender shape, and they were continually at their looking-glass. At last the happy day came; they went to Court, and Cinderella followed them with her eyes as long as she could, and when she had lost sight of them, she fell a-crying.
Her godmother, who saw her all in tears, asked her what was the matter.
“I wish I could–I wish I could–”; she was not able to speak the rest, being interrupted by her tears and sobbing.
This godmother of hers, who was a fairy, said to her, “Thou wishest thou couldst go to the ball; is it not so?”
“Y–es,” cried Cinderella, with a great sigh.
“Well,” said her godmother, “be but a good girl, and I will contrive that thou shalt go.” Then she took her into her chamber, and said to her, “Run into the garden, and bring me a pumpkin.”
Cinderella went immediately to gather the finest she could get, and brought it to her godmother, not being able to imagine how this pumpkin could make her go to the ball. Her godmother scooped out all the inside of it, having left nothing but the rind; which done, she struck it with her wand, and the pumpkin was instantly turned into a fine coach, gilded all over with gold.
She then went to look into her mouse-trap, where she found six mice, all alive, and ordered Cinderella to lift up a little the trapdoor, when, giving each mouse, as it went out, a little tap with her wand, the mouse was that moment turned into a fine horse, which altogether made a very fine set of six horses of a beautiful mouse-colored dapple-gray. Being at a loss for a coachman,
“I will go and see,” says Cinderella, “if there is never a rat in the rat-trap–we may make a coachman of him.”
“Thou art in the right,” replied her godmother; “go and look.”
Cinderella brought the trap to her, and in it there were three huge rats. The fairy made choice of one of the three which had the largest beard, and, having touched him with her wand, he was turned into a fat, jolly coach- man, who had the smartest whiskers eyes ever beheld. After that, she said to her:
“Go again into the garden, and you will find six lizards behind the watering-pot, bring them to me.”
She had no sooner done so but her godmother turned them into six footmen, who skipped up immediately behind the coach, with their liveries all bedaubed with gold and silver, and clung as close behind each other as if they had done nothing else their whole lives. The Fairy then said to Cinderella: “Well, you see here an equipage fit to go to the ball with; are you not pleased with it?”
“Oh! yes,” cried she; “but must I go thither as I am, in these nasty rags?”
Her godmother only just touched her with her wand, and, at the same instant, her clothes were turned into cloth of gold and silver, all beset with jewels. This done, she gave her a pair of glass slippers, the prettiest in the whole world. Being thus decked out, she got up into her coach; but her godmother, above all things, commanded her not to stay till after midnight, telling her, at the same time, that if she stayed one moment longer, the coach would be a pumpkin again, her horses mice, her coachman a rat, her footmen lizards, and her clothes become just as they were before.
She promised her godmother she would not fail of leaving the ball before midnight; and then away she drives, scarce able to contain herself for joy. The King’s son who was told that a great princess, whom nobody knew, was come, ran out to receive her; he gave her his hand as she alighted out of the coach, and led her into the ball, among all the company. There was immediately a profound silence, they left off dancing, and the violins ceased to play, so attentive was everyone to contemplate the singular beauties of the unknown new-comer. Nothing was then heard but a confused noise of:
“Ha! how handsome she is! Ha! how handsome she is!”
The King himself, old as he was, could not help watching her, and telling the Queen softly that it was a long time since he had seen so beautiful and lovely a creature.
All the ladies were busied in considering her clothes and headdress, that they might have some made next day after the same pattern, provided they could meet with such fine material and as able hands to make them.
The King’s son conducted her to the most honorable seat, and afterward took her out to dance with him; she danced so very gracefully that they all more and more admired her. A fine collation was served up, whereof the young prince ate not a morsel, so intently was he busied in gazing on her.
She went and sat down by her sisters, showing them a thousand civilities, giving them part of the oranges and citrons which the Prince had presented her with, which very much surprised them, for they did not know her. While Cinderella was thus amusing her sisters, she heard the clock strike eleven and three-quarters, whereupon she immediately made a courtesy to the company and hasted away as fast as she could.
When she got home she ran to seek out her godmother, and, after having thanked her, she said she could not but heartily wish she might go next day to the ball, because the King’s son had desired her.
As she was eagerly telling her godmother whatever had passed at the ball, her two sisters knocked at the door, which Cinderella ran and opened.
“How long you have stayed!” cried she, gaping, rubbing her eyes and stretching herself as if she had been just waked out of her sleep; she had not, however, any manner of inclination to sleep since they went from home.
“If thou hadst been at the ball,” said one of her sisters, “thou wouldst not have been tired with it. There came thither the finest princess, the most beautiful ever was seen with mortal eyes; she showed us a thousand civilities, and gave us oranges and citrons.”
Cinderella seemed very indifferent in the matter; indeed, she asked them the name of that princess; but they told her they did not know it, and that the King’s son was very uneasy on her account and would give all the world to know who she was. At this Cinderella, smiling, replied:
“She must, then, be very beautiful indeed; how happy you have been! Could not I see her? Ah! dear Miss Charlotte, do lend me your yellow suit of clothes which you wear every day.”
“Ay, to be sure!” cried Miss Charlotte; “lend my clothes to such a dirty Cinderwench as thou art! I should be a fool.”
Cinderella, indeed, expected well such answer, and was very glad of the refusal; for she would have been sadly put to it if her sister had lent her what she asked for jestingly.
The next day the two sisters were at the ball, and so was Cinderella, but dressed more magnificently than before. The King’s son was always by her, and never ceased his compliments and kind speeches to her; to whom all this was so far from being tiresome that she quite forgot what her godmother had recommended to her; so that she, at last, counted the clock striking twelve when she took it to be no more than eleven; she then rose up and fled, as nimble as a deer. The Prince followed, but could not overtake her. She left behind one of her glass slippers, which the Prince took up most carefully. She got home but quite out of breath, and in her nasty old clothes, having nothing left her of all her finery but one of the little slippers, fellow to that she dropped. The guards at the palace gate were asked:
If they had not seen a princess go out.
Who said: They had seen nobody go out but a young girl, very meanly dressed, and who had more the air of a poor country wench than a gentlewoman.
When the two sisters returned from the ball Cinderella asked them: If they had been well diverted, and if the fine lady had been there.
They told her: Yes, but that she hurried away immediately when it struck twelve, and with so much haste that she dropped one of her little glass slippers, the prettiest in the world, which the King’s son had taken up; that he had done nothing but look at her all the time at the ball, and that most certainly he was very much in love with the beautiful person who owned the glass slipper.
What they said was very true; for a few days after the King’s son caused it to be proclaimed, by sound of trumpet, that he would marry her whose foot the slipper would just fit. They whom he employed began to try it upon the princesses, then the duchesses and all the Court, but in vain; it was brought to the two sisters, who did all they possibly could to thrust their foot into the slipper, but they could not effect it. Cinderella, who saw all this, and knew her slipper, said to them, laughing:
“Let me see if it will not fit me.”
Her sisters burst out a-laughing, and began to banter her. The gentleman who was sent to try the slipper looked earnestly at Cinderella, and, finding her very handsome, said:
It was but just that she should try, and that he had orders to let everyone make trial.
He obliged Cinderella to sit down, and, putting the slipper to her foot, he found it went on very easily, and fitted her as if it had been made of wax. The astonishment her two sisters were in was excessively great, but still abundantly greater when Cinderella pulled out of her pocket the other slipper, and put it on her foot. Thereupon, in came her godmother, who, having touched with her wand Cinderella’s clothes, made them richer and more magnificent than any of those she had before.
And now her two sisters found her to be that fine, beautiful lady whom they had seen at the ball. They threw themselves at her feet to beg pardon for all the ill- treatment they had made her undergo. Cinderella took them up, and, as she embraced them, cried:
That she forgave them with all her heart, and desired them always to love her.
She was conducted to the young prince, dressed as she was; he thought her more charming than ever, and, a few days after, married her. Cinderella, who was no less good than beautiful, gave her two sisters lodgings in the palace.

TEORI PRESENT PERFECT


Teori Present Perfect


Present Perfect
Present perfect tense is used to express action or situation that has or has occurred. When did the act or situation is not too important.

Sentence patterns present perfect tense.

Pattern I
(+) S + have / has + V3
(-) S + have / has + not + V3
(?) Have / has + S + V3

Pattern II
(+) S + have / has + been + adj / Adv / N
(-) S + have / has + not + been + adj / Adv / N
(?) Have / has + S + been + adj / Adv / N

Example sentence pattern I:
I have finished my work.
She has not eaten lunch.
Have you seen That movie?

Sample sentence pattern II:
She has been sick for two days.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have you been here for two hours?


Notes

Has used if the subject is third person singular (he, she, it).

In conversation (present perfect tense) is usually the subject and auxiliary verb experiencing condensation (contraction). And sometimes in the form of writing, the cutting is also used.
I've finished my work.
She's been sick for two days.

Abbreviations' s after the subject of a third person can mean the auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verb) have or be. "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Consider the context, it will be clear where auxiliary verbs are used.

Present perfect tense is often used in England than in America are more likely to use past tense forms.
Have you Had lunch? (English)
Did you have lunch? (United States)