Contoh Direct - Indirect (Exam 7)

                    Direct                                                                
 1. She said, " it's was hot"                                        
 2. "My name is cynthia", she said                           
 3. Mira said , " my country is so beautiful"             
 4. He said, " may i open your bag?"                      
 5. Iki says "will you marry me?"                             

                    Indirect
 1. She said that it was hot
 2. She said that her name is cynthia
 3. Mira said that she's country it was beautiful
 4. He asked if he might open her bag
 5. Iki asked me if he would marry me

 

ARTIKEL DIRECT INDIRECT

Direct or Indirect Cooling. Which Technology is More Efficient for Bulk Solids Cooling?

 

Bulk solids cooling is a common step in many chemical processes. It generally occurs near the end of the processing sequence when powders or bulk solids must be cooled prior to storage or packaging to allow for safe handling and storage.

Most engineers would agree that direct cooling appears to be more efficient than indirect cooling, and from a purely technical standpoint, it is. Cooling a bulk solid by passing cool air through it brings the cooling medium and the product into direct contact. While this would appear to be the most efficient approach, when it comes to bulk solids cooling, a counter-intuitive approach is required to maximize efficiency.

The most common approach to bulk solids cooling is to use air in direct contact with the bulk solid material. With direct cooling, ambient air is taken in using large fans and, in most climates, the air must be chilled before being blown across the product using large horsepower fans. It is then discharged through an emissions stack. Both the chilling process and the circulating fans have high energy requirements.

The alternative is to cool bulk solids indirectly using water. With indirect cooling technology, chilled water is pumped through a vertical bank of hollow stainless steel plates while the bulk solid passes between the plates at a rate sufficient to achieve the required cooling. The water circulates counter-current to the product flow for higher thermal efficiency. Often a plant’s existing cooling towers are sufficient to provide the necessary water and a low horsepower pump is the only source of energy consumption.

TEORI DIRECT INDIRECT

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

DIRECT SPEECH :

simple present

He said, “I go to school every day.”

simple past

He said, “I went to school every day.”

present perfect

He said, “I have gone to school every day.”

present progressive

He said, “I am going to school every day.”

past progressive

He said, “I was going to school every day.”

future (will)

He said, “I will go to school every day.”

future (going to)

He said, “I am going to school every day.”

Direct Speech

auxiliary + verb name

He said, “Do you go to school every day?”

He said, “Where do you go to school?”

imperative

He said, “Go to school every day.”

INDIRECT SPEECH

simple past

He said (that) he went to school every day.

past perfect

He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day.

perfect progressive

He said (that) he had been going to school every day

would + verb name

He said (that) he would go to school every day.

present progressive

He said (that) he is going to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day

Indirect Speech

simple past

He asked me if I went to school every day.*

He asked me where I went to school.

infinitive

He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.

The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.